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A few of the Essay and Assignment tackled on Social Responsibility assignments
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| | Comparison of Corporate Governance laws and Codes of Australia and Singapore | | | Corporate Governance was a hardly heard topic a decade ago unlike today when it is more like a staple food in business environment, capital market and economic purview of any nation.
It is a set of processes and policies which affects the way a group or association is directed, administered or controlled. This association may be a country or a company. The ultimate objective of this association is governed by a common guideline. All the stakeholders who revolve around this common objective become a part of the corporate governance rule or phenomena. Corporate governance ensures accountability of specific individuals or subgroups to reduce changes of error in a society and hence its contribution is immense in economic efficiency of a country as a whole (Robert, Monks, Minow, 2008)
Various activities in the society emphasizes on a clearly demarcated corporate governance guidelines which can prevent any collapse of large nature like 1929 or 2008 etc. As a part of such initiative US Federal passed the Sarbanes-Oxley Act which could help safeguarding public confidence in phenomena like corporate governance.
We have defined the concept of corporate governance from a country’s perspective and then evaluated the difference between corporate governance norms between an Australia and Singapore. Both the country definitely maintains a different corporate governance rules but they complement each other, in case seen from an overall global perspective. We have penned down their similarities as well as dissimilarities (John and Senbet, 1998)
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| | Analysis of the famous James Hardie Case Study with key focus on Corporate Social Responsibility | | | Over the past two decade the world has witnessed increased globalization, deregulation, and privatization. Private enterprise today plays an important role in all sphere of life. The challenges facing society today such as environmental climate change, enforcement of labor standards and basic human rights cannot be solved without cooperation of private sector. Social welfare is seeing reduced funding by the government; private corporations are expected to contribute in the improvement of social welfare of citizens and to act in an ethical manner. They are expected to contribute more towards in protection of human rights, environment and maintain social cohesion. This concept is today being known as corporate social responsibility (CSR) and much attention has been paid into this (Carroll, 1979; Utting, 2005; Luo. X. & Bhattacharya C.B, 2006) CSR is an attempt by the company to attain balance between the interests of all its stakeholders and it should be aligned with its strategic objectives and operations.
Milton Friedman (1970) was staunch supporter of the belief in primacy of firm’s self-interest before engaging in CSR. Hence from utilitarian point of view, it is unrealistic to expect corporations to commit resources for social well being in CSR activities since there is no direct return. However, Carroll, 1979; Waddock, 2004; Matten and Crane, 2005 etc belonged to contrarian school of thought and demanded selfless corporate commitment for betterment of society. And they expect corporations to go beyond charity and donations etc.
The middle path towards this dilemma is for the corporations to engage in CSR activity in such ways that it is designed around the business. This is to bring sustainability in the CSR activities which demands that there are benefits from companies CSR activities. Key and Popkin, 1998 etc have mentioned that this can be achieved via interlinking CSR with business strategy and integrating it with the day-to-day operations in activities such as corporate image building.
With this background, we will look into the case at hand
James Hardie case study is analysed while answering the following 2 questions –
• Using CSR Framework, explore broadly the concepts of social responsibility evident in James Hardie case. In doing so, discuss responsibilities to shareholders and stakeholders such as consumers, employees, community and environment in both the domestic and international communities.
• Do you think the government ought to require the companies to report on issues of Corporate social responsibility. What implications would such regulation have on the James Hardie case.
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| | Assignment on Blue Ocean Strategy and Business Ethics | | | There are various factors that contribute to the success of an organization. One of them is the management itself. Management could be of any process in the organization such as marketing, production, administration etc. There are various management theories developed by academicians as well as industry experts. Some of them deal with marketing issues in the organization, some of them deal with administration and some other on human resource and so on. Once in a few decades great works surface. The literary works change the ways the organizational operations are looked at. The literary works give a completely different perspective to the organizational processes and a new paradigm to the organizational management. Such great works or authors of those literary works go on influencing generations of researchers with their original path breaking ideas and approach. One such example is Peter Drucker, who gave a completely different perspective to the organizational activities. When Peter Drucker wrote his books the management practices had not grown to the level they are these days. Organizations were mostly hierarchical then. Decision making was mostly done by the top management. At such times. Peter Drucker gave the idea of decentralization (Robert Heller, 2001), which the organizations practice today. Another path breaking book is that of ‘Blue Ocean Strategy’ by Chan Kim and Renee Mauborgne (2005). This book talks about creating demand by providing value additions in a product or service. All the books on marketing talk about the ways to outsmart competition, surviving and making profits in highly competitive environment. The marketing management experts are kind of used to expecting competition and cannot visualize a situation where there is no competition and the market is as big as one reaches out to. The idea at first appears cynical until one reads the book by the authors . Blue Ocean strategy does not talk about going to a new geographical market rather it suggests to create a new market within the very competitive market one is expected to operate and survive. Organizations essentially thrive on customers’ money. The customer expects some kind of value addition to his or her life by consuming the product. The product may be essential to the customer or it may be of some value to him or her. If the organizations that promise value to the customer for the money the customer has paid behave either covertly or overtly unethical then the business loses the trust of customers. Not only that customers can become skeptical about a host of related businesses thus damaging the harmony in the market. It therefore becomes important that the companies need to realize their responsibility towards customers as well as its own employees. This calls for ethical behavior or practices from the organization. This paper discusses all the three management issues at length. The paper also discusses operations of the organization Petra Food Manufacturing Company, Kuwait, where the author of this paper works, in the light of the above theoretical discussions. The paper finally makes recommendations to Petra Food Company on the areas that need improvement. | | |
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| | Assignment on Business ethics & Multi-national managers | | | Decreasing cross cultural boundaries and willingness to trade internationally has simultaneously amplified the significance of ethical behaviour and social responsibility. In essence, it is the concept of ethical behaviour which is the driving force behind whether or not an organization is perceived as being socially responsible. International managers have realized, due to the ever increasing phenomenon of globalization, that managing business ethics has become the focal point for generating success in a foreign country | | |
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| | Critical analysis of Utilitarian ethical theory and its impact on animal welfare | | | Rational argument about the right and wrong way to treat animals is made more difficult by the deep love that many of us feel for animals. This raises fundamental questions about the basis of moral rights in the context of animal treatment and rights. This paper addresses the important ethical issues related to animal rights. It also looks into the different ethical theories and observes how they are significant in terms of animal rights. The paper critically analyzes the Utilitarian ethical theory and its impact on animal welfare. | | |
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| | Critical evaluation on the views of Socrates | | | Can a man commit an unethical act if he deeply understood as to why the act was unethical? Socrates, a philosopher lived in 5th century B.C in ancient Greece, said no; if the man truly understood the consequences of a certain act as painful to other human beings (The Radical Academy, 2003). He preached that if a man truly knew in his heart and mind that a certain act is unethical, he would not do it. He said that the man who is knowledgeable enough cannot commit immoral acts. He also said the man who truly knows the effects of his immoral acts does not commit them. Morality is a personal issue. There is no absolute right or wrong. A moral act to one person can be immoral to the other and vice versa. However, ethics is a kind of collective morality or the code of conduct and living life in a good way. So what Socrates preaches is that there can be no immoral or unethical act or practice under the umbrella of true knowledge (Philosophy.lander, 2001). Do knowledge and moral ethics go hand in hand? | | |
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| | Description and Critical analysis of a methodological framework for the assessment of an organization’s CSR activities | | | Corporate Social Responsibility is the keyword in the contemporary business world today. It has become a buzzword in the corporate board rooms, amongst the management level discussions and knowingly as well as unknowingly taken a significant part of today’s business decisions. It happens largely in countries, where the government and the economy, both are driven by the socialistic status, where culture is very basic and driven by factors like agriculture, small scale industries, rural society etc. Increasing global interest on corporate social responsibility (CSR) and the push factor felt by corporate from across sectors in order to demonstrate a commitment towards the society and it has led to large amount of demands for concrete guidelines or operating standards to be developed. Such set frameworks are developed because they could help organizations organize their social responsibilities towards the society in a much more measurable as well as consistent format. In the recent past many models as well as guidelines have been written or framed to help companies abide by some particular system to meet its social responsibilities, however still there are unclear means for firms to work more on and get systems in place. CSR initiatives have also been linked with quality implementation or total quality management deployment in organizations by which they want to improve their production or delivery system, make it more cost effective and efficient. There are various frameworks curved out for various formats of corporate social responsibility initiatives and their implementation or adherence also differs largely. Development of such frameworks helps better integration of organizations and its responsibility towards society it operates on. Framework defined by Michael Porter and Mark Kramer would be the discussion point in this write up and we would critically assess their implementation strategy. | | |
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| | Discussion paper on Corporate social responsibility (CSR) & Triple Bottom line (TBL) reporting | | | This discussion paper talks about how organizations may use innovative processes in an environment of triple bottom line (TBL), corporate social responsibility (CSR) reporting system to create sustainable competitive advantage. It discusses the meaning and the current scenario of TBL and CSR reporting system and which corporations are using it to create sustainable advantage. Arguments both in favour and against this concept have been incorporated in this paper to clearly understand the benefits and the difficulties in adopting this approach. The two giants of the soft drinks industry – Coke and Pepsi have been used as an example to understand how the corporations are discharging their responsibility towards customers, environment and society as a whole and communicating it through their CSR reports to the stakeholders. This paper critically examines some of the acts of these two corporations which had an adverse impact on the society. An attempt has been made to look at the situation from the point of view of all related parties so that an objective evaluation can be made. No recommendations have been made on what these organizations should or shouldn’t have done but only the situations have been looked from different perspectives to understand what went wrong. | | |
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| | Discussion paper on Tiffany & Bulgari in relation to Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) & Triple Bottom Line (TBL) | | | The concept of TBL and CSR raises lot of arguments in favor and against the concepts. In favor of the concept, TBL and CSR serve the society with the ethical and fair practices by the company. Company’s managers are required to think not only for one bottom line “economic” but also the two other bottom lines which is social and environmental aspect. CSR initiates company to create healthy social environment and to provide best services with ethical values. | | |
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| | Essay discussing Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) | | | In today’s world of cut-throat competition, businesses are trying to have an edge over their competitors in any way possible. Bottom line thinking exists largely. The main aim of the management is maximisation of share prices, and thus shareholders’ wealth. However, there is another school of thought, which believes that maximising shareholders’ wealth is the secondary goal. The primary goal of any business is to survive in the race of management. Only thinking about profits can mean that the company is fast headed towards dooms-day. For surviving, a company must look after all its stakeholders in the business environment. Stakeholders of a company include its employees, customers and suppliers, the environment, government and regulatory agencies, and the community at large. This essay aims to look at which school of thought should a business follow and whether the use of company’s resources for engaging in social activities is actually a mismanagement of shareholders’ money. | | |
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| | Essay on Ethical difficulties faced by multinationals | | | This assignment provides answer to the following questions –
a. What ethical difficulties can face multi-national businesses in operating in
several countries?
b. What general values, principles, and decision procedures if any, would you
appeal to in order to resolve such ethical problems?
c. Give one example of such a problem and your resolution.
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| | Essay on impact of Ethics on Information security policy in the field of IT and business relations | | | This paper addresses the possibility of an ethical approach, in particular, the social approach on business. The importance of an efficient information security system is unavoidable in companies indifferent to how small or big the organization is. Technology is growing fast with better enhancement. This consequently brings up new security threats to business organizations everyday. In order to repudiate the threats, it is important for all business organizations to introduce and implement adequate information security system. This paper looks into the aspect of information security and its significance among organizations. While introducing a new security system or software, the company usually faces different problems such as inconvenience of the employees, implementation shortcomings, and failure of alignment between different strategies and so on. The paper also probes deeply into these problems and analyzes whether the social approach has any impact on information security system. It also provides helpful tips to sort out the security problems and introduce a successful implementation of information security policy. | | |
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| | Essay on Key issues in Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) | | | The concept of corporate social responsibility (CSR) is related to corporate self-regulation, a self regulating mechanism through which corporations embrace the responsibility for the impact of their activities on several aspects including the environment, consumers, employees, communities, stakeholders, ands the like. In other words, the business enterprise has certain responsibilities to its employees, consumers, communities, and other stakeholders. Realization as well as implementation of these responsibilities is an important factor in the success of the organization. The practice of CSR is significant in order to promote public interest, which the organization can achieve by encouraging community growth and development within the organization. This would further contribute substantially in strategic corporate decision making leading to competitive advantage for the company as well as improved performance of the employees.
While discussing corporate social responsibility, it is important to note that commitment to the employees as well as to human rights at work is the most significant concern of the corporation. The organization is responsible for providing the employees a workplace in which they are respected. The management authority should try to decrease workplace imbalance by reducing discrimination cases while providing equal opportunities for all employees. In the age of globalization, cultural diversity plays a characteristic role in workplace situations where employees come from different cultural and ethnic backgrounds along with various experiences. In such cases, workplace discrimination is a very common feature. Therefore, it the primary objective of the management authority of an organization to promote workplace integrity by encouraging its employees to engage in constructive interaction among themselves. The ultimate goal of the management is to achieve a healthy work-life balance in the organization.
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| | Essay on the impact of Information systems (IS) on business ethics, manegerial roles and the changing world of work | | | There is a bulk of the scholarly literature on the computer ethics that focuses on ethical issues in the workplace. Still, even now a number of companies and organizations are continually confronted with ethical challenges and violations that must be resolved. The resolution can be reached in different ways many of which will be discussed in this paper. The objective can be reached either through clarifying internal policy or through internal disciplining and enforcement, or litigation. The clue to the problem closely depends on the nature and severity of the violation and some other factors. While there is no indication that the cases of willfully malicious acts of unethical computer behavior (IT behavior) can be completely eliminated, I still hold to the idea that the introduction of clear ethical imperatives to the workers of the organization can help to bring certainty in the way the organization is being operated. In my research I want to show that ethical lapses simply come as a result from a lack of certainty on the part of the user and lack of policy clarity on the part of the organization (two major sides involved into the problem). Since ethical principles are challenged repeatedly as the society moves forward, workers should be constantly informed about the proper ethical behavior in given situations and provided with support when they face non-standard situations. In relatively young fields like information technologies, the determination of appropriate behavior can be regarded as a particularly acute problem, which attracts many scholars and is being discussed in numerous publications. | | |
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| | Essay on the importance of preserving academic integrity | | | Question - Preserving academic integrity has long been a mantra for higher education institutions. Students who choose to cheat may have a short term gain, but ultimately their behaviour lowers the value of their academic qualification. In addition, students who act unethically during their student career may act unethically in business too, and with far reaching consequences. Examine these issues in order to assess the importance of preserving academic integrity.
Ethical practices in academic learning are crucial if one has to achieve the purpose of learning. Cheating in academic learning might help the students to pass their course or even achieve higher grades but they eventually become incompetent in their chosen careers. There can be no substitute for true knowledge. Borrowed knowledge can help the students achieve their academic goals although unethically. But borrowed knowledge cannot help in their professional careers where skills, knowledge and other competencies play major roles in helping them perform their roles effectively. The students that cheat during their time in colleges and universalities essentially become handicapped in their professional lives without the required knowledge, information, skills and expertise. The students would then have to revert to unethical behavior in their professions too in order to sustain their positions in the organizations and even to grow in their career. This leads to a vicious circle of unethical practices the future corporate executives would find difficult to come out of. This paper discusses the short term benefits and long term ill effects if of academic cheating with the reference to scholarly journal articles.
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| | Essay on the role of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in today’s globalized environment | | | Over the past two decade the world has witnessed increased globalization, deregulation, and privatization. This has meant that private enterprise today plays an important role in all sphere of life. Corporate power has grown and social welfare is seeing reduced funding by the governments. The challenges facing society today such as environmental climate change, enforcement of labor standards and basic human rights cannot be solved without cooperation of private sector. Private corporations are expected to contribute in the improvement of social welfare of citizens and to act in an ethical manner. They are expected to contribute more towards in protection of human rights, environment and maintain social cohesion.
This concept is today being known as corporate social responsibility (CSR) and much attention has been paid into this (Andrews, 1972; Carroll, 1979; Freeman 1984; Utting, 2005; Luo. X. & Bhattacharya C.B, 2006) CSR is an attempt by the company to attain balance between the interests of all its stakeholders and it should be aligned with its strategic objectives and operations.
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| | Essay on the topic of Role the government should play in requiring and enforcing ethical behavior | | | The debate about ethical business behavior and Government’s role in it goes back to the days of philosophers like Plato, Aristotle and Marx. While some believed in no interference by the State (Government) in financial matters, others supported State’s intervention in economic life of the people. Cannon stated “ the concentration of power in the hands of enterprise owners could threaten the state and the established ways of allocating resources by placing 'new fetters on the poor, and new powers on the rich.” But Scholars like Milton Friedman (1970) argued that the 'social responsibility of business is to increase its profits.’ He said, “there is one and only social responsibility of business which is to increase its profits so long as it stays within the rules of the game.” The businesses and the institutional arrangements in which work gets done have been undergoing massive changes in recent years because of the takeover, breakup and reconfiguration of corporations, the decline of unions and with the coming up of concepts like mixed economy, private sector etc. | | |
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| | Evaluative report of the management on the issues leading to and relating to the scandal involving Bernard Madoff and Madoff Securities | | | – Corporate entities operate on the trust posed on them by investors, stakeholders, general public, consumers and employees. Without the trust of these components of public corporate entities cannot flourish. However, there instances when some companies failed the trust of the people put in their operations and integrity. Some people at the top positions of the organizations due to their sheer power and the knowledge of operations of the organizaions manipulated organizational machinery to meet their own selfish goals. One such example is that of Madoff Securities. It was probably the biggest ponzi scandal of the 20th century. The company just used up investments by charity organizations and other people instead of investing the money to earn returns for their investors. Some loopholes in the internal and external environments help such fraudulent people to meet their ulterior motives. Non-transparent ways of functioning and not allowing for audit by external agencies concealed the fraudulent operations of the organization for years. Unethical managerial practices of top management of Madoff Securities were the core reason for the breach of trust. The management of Madoff Securities not only did not carry out its corporate social responsibility, it used up the very money that was collected by charity organizations for societal causes. The paper recommends the corporate fraternity to behave responsibly, fulfill their ethical obligations, and give back something to the society that is instrumental to the success of the organizations. | | |
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| | Paper addressing the key issues around the functionalities of corporate governance with specific reference to case studies conducted developed countries including the US, China, Australia and Germany | | | With regard to success and maintenance of huge net profits in business enterprises, one of the key points is the following of corporate governance. It is a multi-faceted subject that includes a number of aspects related to corporate business. The term ‘corporate governance’ mainly refers to the set of processes, policies and legal activities that affects the way a company or corporation is directed, administered and controlled. The processes of corporate governance include the relationships among the various stakeholders involved in the business and the corporate goals for which the company is governed. In this context, the stakeholder theory denotes that specific stakeholder groups should exercise oversight and control over management (Heath and Norman 2004). Above all, the impact of a corporate governance system is very significant in the economic efficiency and effectiveness of a business organization.
This paper addresses the key issues around the functionalities of corporate governance with specific reference to several case studies conducted in four major economically developed countries including the US, China, Australia and Germany. The paper aims to develop rationalistic argumentation about the importance and functionalities of a corporate governance system based on the case studies in these developed countries. Before going into any further details, lets start looking closely at the main corporate governance issues executed by these case studies.
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| | Paper on Corporate Social Responsibility & Multi-national corporations | | | Competing in the twenty – first century requires firms to invest in the increasing refined managerial skills needed to perform effectively in a multicultural environment. Different countries exhibit very different views on the make up of business ethics. These differences are regarded as based largely in cultural diversity and can greatly affect the multinational manager’s ability to manage ethical behaviour. Although multinational managers have a fiduciary responsibility to maximize the value of their companies, on the other hand, the non governmental organisations and / or social institutions in the host country also forces multinational corporations to recognize the ethical standards of employees, customers, investors, and others who interact within organisation. In addition, convergence in business ethics has also led to a quickening of the pace of business, giving multinational managers even less time to consider the ethical nature of their actions. Finally, though global business environment demands international manager to take positive stance on issues of social responsibility and ethical behaviour, a multinational manager can not be sensitive to issues such as; moral behaviour arising from operating in a different culture. | | |
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| | Report on Corporate Social Responsibility efforts of Vodafone based on its technology | | | – Carroll (1979) defines CSR activities of a business broadly as one that engages the economic, legal, ethical and discretionary expectations from the company by the community. Organizations are inherently constituted to make profits while abiding the rule of the land. Snider et al (2003) mentions that organizations are expected to support the community. CSR activities as defined by Kotler and Lee (2005) mean an effort of an organization to give back to the society by utilizing its resources and via its business activities. However, it is imperative today that companies carry out the CSR activities in sync with their overall strategy. Sparkes (2003) mentions that today CSR activities should be interrelated to overall governance and company’s strategic direction for companies to create a differentiated business. This is to ensure that the CSR activity of the company has sustainability associated with it. Of importance though lately have been factors like conducting the business in an ethical and transparent manner, having an effective corporate governance etc.
CSR can be effective and sustainable substance only when it encompasses the stakeholders involved in an organization. For it to be successful it should also be a planned business activity like any other business practice and should have specific milestones attached. It should be implemented across the business in a steady and phased manner to make it an inherent business practice. It should be audited regularly and the results should be measurable.
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| | Report on ethical dilemma | | | This report is attempts to understand ethical dilemma employees face in an organization and established work on the field help resolve it. We will look at the corporate culture where there has been visible failure on many fronts. We will draw from normative and other ethical theory to understand the issue at our hands. We will find out the ethical lapses given in the case and cite the reasons from the ethical theory for the same. We will move on to identify the stakeholders in this issue. These stakeholders are part and solution of the whole problem. We will then look into the work done by Bommer et al and use it to evaluate the given case. Insights from the study will be used to understand the ethical issues and lapses etc. Finally we will move on to provide solution to the problems we have encountered. After the major ethical issues have been identified earlier, we will now move on to resolve the same. Multiple options will be suggested and evaluated on the merits they provide. Finally, the best plan of action will be picked and suggested for implementation. | | |
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| | Short article on Personal ethical incident | | | This articles provides answer to the following question –
Description of an ethical incident or situation faced by a close relative in a business organization. How did this incident affect the individual? What did you learn from this incident and how would you act differently in the future if you encountered a similar situation you may wish to disguise manes, etc.
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| | Starbucks Case study | | | This case study is based on Starbucks and provides answer to the above 2 questions. | | |
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